Bombing Japan - Harry Truman decides to use nuclear weapons

What is Harry Truman trying to accomplish with this speech?

We had won the war in Europe, we had fire-bombed Tokyo, and still Japan would not surrender.

Does Truman explain that he is going to use a nuclear weapon to end the war with Japan?

People in America were tired of the war.  Truman issued the unconditional surrender to Japan, and it was rejected.  There were indications that a conditional surrender might be acceptable.
What were the terms of the unconditional surrender that the Japanese could not tolerate?
What was ironic about Japan's eventual surrender?

The city of Hiroshima was bombed on August 6, 1945 by the Enola Gay, and 70,000 were killed instantly.  More than 100,000 more died from radiation sickness and burns in the days, months and years to come.

On August 8, 1945, the Soviets declared war on Japan.  It is important to note that the Soviet Union was in East Germany, and would certainly occupy Japan post-war if able.

The second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9th.  Approximately 80,000 people died there.  The Japanese finally surrendered on August 14, 1945.

The letter accompanying the petition Leo Szilard, Nuclear Scientist, sent regarding the use of the atomic bomb on Japan:

Szilard petition, cover letter, July 4, 1945

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Source: U.S. National Archives, Record Group 77, Records of the Chief of Engineers, Manhattan Engineer District, Harrison-Bundy File, folder #76.
Szilard sent copies of the July 3, 1945 version of his petition to colleagues at Oak Ridge and Los Alamos. In this cover letter, which accompanied the petition, he discussed the need for scientists to take a moral stand on the use of the bomb.
Germans who failed to protest the immoral actions of the Nazis, he pointed out, were widely condemned for their silence. If they, as Manhattan Project scientists, failed to speak out, they would have far less excuse than the people of Germany.

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     SECRET               SECRET

THIS PAGE REGRADED UNCLASSIFIED
Order Sec Army By TAG per
        720564

        DECLASSIFIED
DOD Dir. 5200.9, Sept. 27, 1958
NWD by _____ date 3 Nov 61



                      July 4, 1945

Dear 

Inclosed is the text of a petition which will be submitted to the 
President of the United States. As you will see, this petition is 
based on purely moral considerations.

It may very well be that the decision of the President whether or 
not to use atomic bombs in the war against Japan will largely be 
based on considerations of expediency. On the basis of expediency, 
many arguments could be put forward both for and against our use of 
atomic bombs against Japan. Such arguments could be considered only 
within the framework of a thorough analysis of the situation which 
will face the United States after this war and it was felt that no 
useful purpose would be served by considering arguments of 
expediency in a short petition.

However small the chance might be that our petition may influence 
the course of events, I personally feel that it would be a matter of 
importance if a large number of scientists who have worked in this 
field went clearly and unmistakably on record as to their opposition 
on moral grounds to the use of these bombs in the present phase of 
the war.

Many of us are inclined to say that individual Germans share the 
guilt for the acts which Germany committed during this war because 
they did not raise their voices in protest against these acts. Their 
defense that their protest would have been of no avail hardly seems 
acceptable even though these Germans could not have protests without 
running risks to life and liberty. We are in a position to raise our 
voices without incurring any such risks even though we might incur 
the displeasure of some of those who are at present in charge of 
controlling the work on "atomic power". 

The fact that the people of the people of the United States are 
unaware of the choice which faces us increases our responsibility in 
this matter since those who have worked on "atomic power" represent 
a sample of the population and they alone are in a position to form 
an opinion and declare their stand.

Anyone who might wish to go on record by signing the petition ought 
to have an opportunity to do so and, therefore, it would be 
appreciated if you could give every member of your group an 
opportunity for signing.

                                          Leo Szilard

P.S.-- Anyone who wants to sign the petition ought to sign both 
attached copies and ought to read not only the petition but also 
this covering letter.

Source: http://www.dannen.com/decision/45-07-04.html

Click here to read what the scientists knew about radiation effects after the testing of the bomb:
Trinity Test, July 16, 1945 - Radiation Monitoring

Click here to read about General Eisenhower's feelings regarding the bombing: Dwight Eisenhower's view on using the Atomic Bomb


For a full story on the bombing, watch this ABC news special from the days before the 50th anniversary of the bombing:

Was the bombing the cause of the Cold War?  Find out more here: Truman informs Stalin of a "new weapon"

If you'd like to learn more about the Manhattan Project, click here: Manhattan Project

See: The Decision to Drop the Bomb for more information.

Debate:
Post your argument for or against the bombing of Japan in the comments box.  Use evidence from the materials to prove your point. Then reply to another commenter refuting their case.